Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Strategy, and Forecasts, 2011 to 2017

Table of Contents

 

Stationary Fuel Cell Executive Summary 

 

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares and Market Forecasts  ES-1

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Driving Forces  ES-1

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares  ES-4

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecasts  ES-5

Vision For The New Electrical Grid  ES-6

Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Fuels Stationary Fuel Cell ES-10

 

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Description and Market Dynamics 

 

1.    Stationary Fuel Cell Market Dynamics and

Market Description   1-1

1.1   Distributed Power Generation  1-1

1.1.1    Distributed Clean and Continuous Power Generation  1-2

1.1.2    Benefits of Bloom Energy  1-2

1.1.3    Stationary Fuel Cell Technology  1-2

1.2   Industrialization Requires Sustainable,

Highly Efficient Energy  1-3

1.2.1    Fuel Cell Cogeneration  1-4

1.2.2    Stationary Fuel Cells Address Global Energy Challenge  1-5

1.2.3    Petroleum   1-5

1.3   Value Of Export Market Electricity  1-6

1.4   Fuel Cell Operation  1-9

1.4.1    Fuel Cells Definition  1-11

1.4.2    Fuel Cell Insulating Nature Of The Electrolyte  1-14

1.4.3    Inconsistency Of Cell Performance  1-15

1.4.4    Fuel Cell Performance Improvements  1-15

1.4.5    Transition To Hydrogen  1-16

1.5   Fuel Environmental Issues  1-17

1.5.1    Environmental Benefits Of Using Fuel Cell Technology  1-20

1.5.2    Greenhouse Gas Emissions  1-23

1.6   Battery Description  1-25

1.7   Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics  1-26

1.8   Water In A Fuel Cell System   1-29

1.9   Power Of A Fuel Cell 1-31

1.9.1    Gas Control 1-31

1.9.2    Temperature Control 1-32

1.10     Fuel Cell Converts Chemical Energy Directly Into

Electricity And Heat 1-32

1.10.1  Types Of Fuel Cells  1-33

1.11     Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology  1-36

1.11.1  Types Of Fuel Cells  1-36

1.11.2  Alkaline Fuel Cells  1-39

1.11.3  Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells  1-40

1.11.4  Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells  1-43

1.11.5  Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  1-44

1.11.6  PEM Technology  1-46

1.11.7  Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells  1-46

1.11.8  PEM Fuel Cells  1-50

1.11.9  Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 1-51

1.11.10 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Membranes And Catalysts  1-52

1.11.11 Common Types Of Fuel Cells  1-53

1.12     Stationary Power Applications  1-54

1.12.1  Traditional Utility Electricity Generation  1-55

1.13     On Grid And Off Grid Issues  1-56

1.13.1  Stationary Public Or Commercial Buildings Fuel Cell Market 1-57

1.13.2  Distributed Power Generation  1-58

1.14     Impact Of Deregulation  1-60

1.14.1  Excess Domestic Capacity  1-60

1.14.2  Power Failures  1-60

1.15     Fuel Cell Issues  1-61

1.15.1  Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  1-63

1.15.2  Fuel Cell Workings  1-63

1.15.3  Environmental Benefits Of Fuel Cells  1-66

1.15.4  Fuel-To-Electricity Efficiency  1-67

1.16     Boilers  1-67

1.16.1  Domestic Hot Water 1-68

1.16.2  Space Heating Loops  1-68

1.16.3  Absorption Cooling Thermal Loads  1-69

1.17     Fuel Cell Reliability  1-69

1.17.1  Power Quality  1-70

1.17.2  Licensing Schedules  1-70

1.17.3  Modularity  1-71

1.18     Fuel Cell Supply Infrastructure  1-71

1.19     Laws And Regulations  1-71

1.19.1  National Hydrogen Association  1-72

1.19.2  Military Solutions  1-72

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Market Shares and Market Forecasts 

 

2. Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares and Market Forecasts  2-1

2.1   Stationary Fuel Cell Market Driving Forces  2-1

2.1.1    Platinum Catalysts  2-5

2.2   Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares  2-5

2.2.1    FuelCell Energy (MCFC) 2-7

2.2.2    UTC Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 2-9

2.2.3    Ballard and IdaTech PEM    2-10

2.2.4    Bloom Energy (SOFC) Fuel Cell Comprised Of

Many Flat Solid Ceramic Squares  2-11

2.2.5    Acumentrics  2-13

2.2.6    Rolls Royce SOFC Stationary Fuel Cell System   2-14

2.2.7    Delphi Corp Inexpensive 5-kW SOFC   2-14

2.3   Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecasts  2-15

2.3.1    Vision For The New Electrical Grid  2-16

2.3.2    Fuel Cell Clean Air Permitting  2-20

2.3.3    MCFC Fuel Cell Market Forecasts  2-27

2.3.4    Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 2-29

2.3.5    Molten Carbonate Uses Nickel and Stainless

Steel as Core Technology  2-30

2.4   SOFC Fuel Cell Forecasts  2-30

2.5   PAFC Fuel Cell Technology Forecasts  2-33

2.6   PEM Fuel Cell Technology Forecasts  2-35

2.6.1    PEM Telecom Fuel Cell Back Up Power Systems  2-38

2.6.2    Government Support for Fuel Cell  Technology  2-39

2.6.3    PEMFC Efficiency  2-40

2.6.4    Challenges for PEMFC Systems  2-40

2.6.5    Operating Pressure  2-40

2.6.6    Long Term Operation  2-41

2.6.7    Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM)

Residential Market 2-42

2.7   MCFC Stationary Fuel Cell Market Analysis  2-43

2.7.1    Fuel Cell Technology 95% Combustion Efficiency

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 2-45

2.7.2    Energy Market Forecasts  2-46

2.7.3    Competition For Distributed Generation Of Electricity  2-53

2.7.4    Stationary Fuel Cell Applications  2-54

2.7.5    FuelCell Energy Fuel Cell Stack Module MCFC   2-56

2.7.6    Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Production Analysis Results  2-57

2.7.7    FuelCell Energy Cost Breakdown  2-58

2.7.8    FuelCell Energy Fuel Cell Stack Module  2-59

2.7.9    FuelCell Energy Materials Cost Reduction via

Increased Power Density  2-60

2.7.10  Fuel Cell Energy Achieving Higher MCFC Power Density  2-62

2.8   SOFC Stationary Fuel Cell Markets  2-63

2.8.1    Bloom Energy SOFC   2-64

2.8.2    SOFC Methanol Fuel Cells, On The Anode Side, A

 Catalyst Breaks Methanol 2-64

2.8.3    Siemens SOFC Unfavorable Fuel Cell Market

Characteristics  2-66

2.9   UTC PAFC   2-69

2.9.1    PAFC   2-71

2.9.2    Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Technology  2-71

2.9.3    Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 2-75

2.10     PEM Membrane, Or Electrolyte  2-75

2.10.1  PEM Proton-Conducting Polymer Membrane,

 (The Electrolyte) 2-77

2.11     Delivered Energy Costs  2-79

2.11.1  Nanotechnology Platinum Surface Layer on Tungsten

Substrate For Fuel Cell Catalyst 2-84

2.12     SOFC Fuel Cell Markets  2-85

2.12.1  Specialized Ceramics  2-87

2.13     PEM, SOFC, MCFC, and PAFC Stationary

Fuel Cell Applications and Uses: 2-89

2.14     MCFC, SOFC, PEMFC Projected Cost Long Term   2-90

2.15     Stationary Fuel Cells Strengths and Weaknesses  2-91

2.16     Fuel Cell Return On Investment Analysis  2-93

2.17     Addressable Market 2-94

2.18     Stationary Fuel Cell Market Regional Analysis  2-95

2.18.1  Stationary Fuel Cells U.S. 2-97

2.18.2  Fuel Cells California  2-97

2.18.3  Regional Stationary Fuel Cell Competition  2-100

2.18.4  CPUC Recently Approved 6 Utility

Owned Fuel Cell Projects  2-105

2.18.5  Stationary Fuel Cell Installations in California  2-106

2.18.6  California Fuel Cell Installations  2-108

2.18.7  Campus Fuel Cell Food Processing Agricultural

Applications / Gills Onions Stationary Fuel Cells  2-108

2.18.8  Europe and Japan  2-111

2.18.9  Korea  2-112

2.18.10 European Photovoltaic Industry Association

and Greenpeace Global Investments In Solar Photovoltaic Projects  2-121

2.18.11 German Stationary Fuel  Cells  2-121

2.18.12 Japanese Sales Prospects  2-125

2.18.13 New Sunshine Project (Japan) 2-126

2.18.14 Fuel Cell Development in Japan  2-127

2.18.15 Fuel Cell Cogeneration in Japan  2-128

2.18.16 Tokyo-Based JGA Millennium Program, 2-129

2.18.17 Japanese Government Subsidies  2-129

2.18.18 Fuel Cell Cogeneration In Japan  2-130

2.18.19 Establishing Codes And Standards Are

Very Important For Advancing Fuel Cell Systems In Japan  2-130

2.18.20 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Prices  2-131

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Product Description  

 

3. Stationary Fuel Cell Product Description   3-1

3.1   Stationary Fuel Cells  3-1

3.2   PEM    3-1

3.3   Ballard  3-2

3.4   IdaTech  3-5

3.4.1    Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 3-8

3.5   UTC PAFC   3-8

3.5.1    UTC Phosphoric Acid  3-9

3.5.2    UTC PureCell® System   3-11

3.5.3    UTC Product : The PureCell™ Model 400 Power

Solution Features : 3-16

3.5.4    UTC PureComfort® Solutions  3-18

3.5.5    UTC PureComfort® Power Solutions Save Energy  3-20

3.5.6    UTC CO2 Emissions Reduction  3-21

3.5.7    UTC PureComfort® Power Solutions  3-26

3.6   Samsung Everland  /  UTC   3-26

3.7   Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) Power Plants  3-27

3.8   FuelCell Energy  3-27

3.8.1    FuelCell Energy Cost Breakdown  3-29

3.8.2    FuelCell Energy Fuel Cell Stack Module  3-30

3.8.3    FuelCell Energy Materials Cost Reduction via

Increased Power Density  3-30

3.8.4    FuelCell Energy Balance-of-Plant Cost Reduction

With Volume Production  3-34

3.8.5    FuelCell Energy Conditioning, Installation, and

Commissioning  3-34

3.8.6    FuelCell Energy to Supply 1.4 MW Power Plant to a

California Utility  3-36

3.8.7    FuelCell Energy Adding Power Generating Capacity At The

Point Of Use Avoids Or Reduces Investment In The Transmission

And Distribution System   3-36

3.8.8    FuelCell Energy DFC1500  3-37

3.8.9    FuelCell Energy Fuel Cells Within South Korean

Renewable Portfolio  3-38

3.8.10  Enbridge and FuelCell Energy Partner 3-42

3.8.11  FuelCell Energy Power Plants  3-44

3.9   Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 3-44

3.9.1    Next Generation SOFC   3-45

3.10     Siemens  3-47

3.10.1  Siemens Energy  Technical Team Of Key

Technology Development Partners That Includes

Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd. (FCT) 3-49

3.10.2  Siemens Westinghouse Electric Company

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-53

3.11     General Electric Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-53

3.12     Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-55

3.12.1  Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit 3-56

3.13     Rolls Royce Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-60

3.14     Bloom Energy Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-63

3.14.1  Bloom Energy Server Architecture  3-67

3.15     Acumentrics Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-69

3.15.1  Acumentrics Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  3-70

 

Stationary Fuel Cell Technology 

 

4. Stationary Fuel Cell Technology  4-1

4.1   Fuel Cells Offer An Economically Compelling

Balance Of Attributes  4-1

4.2   Fuel Cell Type Of Electrolyte Used  4-3

4.2.1    PEM Fuel Cells  4-3

4.3   IdaTech Fuel Processing Technology  4-4

4.4   Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) 4-6

4.4.1    PAFC Platinum-Based Catalyst 4-6

4.5   Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 4-8

4.5.1    FuelCell Energy Degradation of the Electrolyte Support 4-9

4.5.2    MCFC Stack Cost Analysis  4-11

4.5.3    Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Results  4-12

4.6   Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 4-15

4.6.1    SOFC Fuel Cell/Turbine Hybrids  4-18

4.6.2    Acumetrics Tubular SOFC, Solid

Oxide Fuel Cell Technology  4-18

4.7   Fuel Reformer  4-20

4.7.1    Specialized Ceramics  4-21

4.7.2    Ceramic Fuel Cells  4-22

4.8   Fuel Cell Description  4-23

4.9   Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) 4-28

4.10     Nanotechnology Enables Overcoming Stationary

Fuel Cell Cost Barriers  4-29

4.10.1  DMFC Micro And Portable Fuel Cells

Components and Labor Costs  4-29

4.10.2  SOFC Fuel Cells Components and Labor Costs: 4-31

4.10.3  MCFC Fuel Cells Components and Labor Costs: 4-32

4.10.4  PAFC Fuel Cells Components and Labor Costs: 4-33

4.11     Solar Energy Complements Fuel Cell Technology  4-34

4.12     DMFC Fuel  Cell Already Viable Market 4-36

4.12.1  DMFC Micro And Portable Fuel Cells

Components and Labor Costs  4-36

4.12.2  Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane PEM    4-37

4.12.3  PEM Nano Metals And Alloys  4-38

4.12.4  PEM    4-39

4.13     Platinum Catalyst 4-40

4.13.1  Nanotechnology Platinum Surface Layer on

Tungsten Substrate For Fuel Cell Catalyst 4-40

4.13.2  Nanotechnology Platinum Catalyst Mid Size

Stationary Fuel Cells  4-41

4.13.3  Water Electrolysis Technology  4-42

4.14     Fuel Cell Nickel Borate Catalyst 4-42

4.14.1  Fuel Cell High Cost Products  4-42

4.14.2  Development of Hydrogen Technologies

Critical For The Growth Of The Fuel Cell Industry  4-43

4.14.3  PEM and SOFC For Home Units  4-47

4.15     PAFC and Stationary fuel cells  4-47

4.16     For MCFC: 4-47

4.17     For PAFC: 4-48

4.18     Fuel Cell Components  4-49

4.18.1  1 Fuel Processor (Reformer) 4-51

4.19     Fuel Cell Stack  4-55

4.20     Power Conditioner  4-55

4.21     Nano Composite Membranes  4-58

4.22     Pall Filtering of Hydrogen  4-60

4.23     IdaTech  4-62

 

Stationary Fuel Cell Company Profiles 

 

5. Stationary Fuel Cell Company Profiles  5-1

5.1   Acumentrics  5-1

5.1.1    Acumentrics Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd

Trusted Power Innovations  5-2

5.2   Ansaldo Fuel Cells  5-3

5.3   Ballard Power Systems  5-5

5.3.1    Ballard Power Systems / IdaTech LLC /

ACME Group (Gurgaon, Haryana)

5.3.2    Ballard 2011 Business Outlook  5-7

5.3.3    Ballard 2010 Achievements  5-8

5.3.4    Growth Milestones  5-8

5.3.5    Ballard Path to Profitability  5-9

5.3.6    Ballard Key 2009 Achievements  5-10

5.3.7    Ballard Annual Highlights | Quarterly Highlights  5-12

5.3.8    How Ballard Fuel Cells Work  5-12

5.3.9    Ballard Expanded Single Fuel Cell 5-14

5.3.10  Ballard Hydrogen  5-14

5.4   Blasch Precision Ceramics  5-16

5.5   Bloom Energy  5-16

5.5.1    Adobe Powers San Jose Headquarters with Bloom

Energy Fuel Cells  5-18

5.5.2    Bloom Energy / University Of Arizona NASA

Mars Space Program   5-19

5.6   Delphi 5-21

5.6.1    Delphi Automotive LLP Revenue  5-22

5.6.2    Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit 5-23

5.7   Doosan Corporation  5-23

5.8   Enbridge  5-25

5.9   FuelCell Energy  5-29

5.9.1    FuelCell Energy Revenue 2010  5-29

5.9.2    FuelCell Energy Market Activity  5-31

5.9.3    FuelCell Energy Government Research and

Development Contracts  5-34

5.9.4    FuelCell Energy Hydrogen Compression: 5-34

5.9.5    FuelCell Energy Versa Power Systems

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development: 5-35

5.9.6    FuelCell Energy  5-35

5.9.7    Fuelcell Energy Revenue  5-35

5.9.8    FuelCell Energy DFC 3000 Cost Savings  5-36

5.9.9    FuelCell Energy Production and Delivery Capabilities  5-37

5.9.10  FuelCell Energy Food & Beverage Processing  5-43

5.9.11  FuelCell Energy Strategic Alliances and Market

Development Agreements  5-44

5.10     Fuel Cell Technologies  5-46

5.11     Fuji 5-48

5.12     GE   5-48

5.12.1  GE Unmanned Aircraft 5-51

5.12.2  Description: http://www.gepower.com/global/images/spacer.gifGE HPGS  5-52

5.13     HydroGen LLC   5-53

5.14     IdaTech  5-54

5.14.1  IdaTech acquires Plug Power’s LPG Off-Grid,

Backup Power Stationary Product Lines  5-56

5.14.2  IdaTech Product Shipments  5-57

5.14.3  IdaTech Revenue 2010  5-57

IdaTech Financials 2007  5-58

5.14.4  IdaTech Wireless Communications Network Support 5-59

5.14.5  IdaTech Applications  5-60

5.14.6  IdaTech Wireline Communications Networks  5-60

5.14.7  IdaTech Highway  5-61

5.14.8  IdaTech Oil & Gas  5-62

5.14.9  IdaTech Military  5-63

5.14.10 IdaTech Telecom Wireless  5-64

5.14.11 IdaTech Telecom Wireline  5-64

5.14.12 IdaTech Railway & Highway  5-65

5.14.13 IdaTech UPS Application  5-65

5.15     Nuvera  5-65

5.16     POSCO Power  5-66

5.17     Samsung Everland  5-67

5.17.1  Samsung  5-69

5.17.2  Samsung Revenue 2010  5-71

5.18     Southern California Edison  5-71

5.19     United Technologies  5-71

5.19.1  UTC Power Fuel Cells And Power Systems  5-72

5.19.2  UTC   5-75

5.20     Versa Power Systems  5-75

5.20.1  Versa Systems Vision  5-76

5.20.2  Versa Systems Core Values  5-76

5.20.3  Versa Systems Solid Oxide Fuel Cells  5-77

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Tables and Figures

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Executive Summary 

 

Table ES-1  ES-2

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Driving Forces 

Table ES-2  ES-3

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Growth Drivers Worldwide 

Figure ES-3  ES-4

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Dollars, 2010 

Figure ES-4  ES-8

Stationary Fuel Cell Shipment Market Forecasts,

Dollars, Worldwide, 2011-2017 

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Market Description and Market Dynamics 

 

Table 1-1  1-6

Methods Of Producing Energy 

Table 1-2  1-8

Key Aspects Of Fuel Cell Stack Costs 

Table 1-3  1-10

Fuel Cell Operation 

Table 1-4  1-12

Fuel Cell Characteristics 

Table 1-5  1-13

Fuel Cell Description 

Table 1-6  1-14

Fuel Cell Categories 

Table 1-7  1-16

Fuel Cell Performance Improvements 

Table 1-8  1-19

Environmental Concerns Relating To Energy 

Table 1-9  1-21

Environmental Benefits Of Using Fuel Cell Technology 

Table 1-10  1-21

Fuel Cell Advantages Compared To Internal Combustion Engine 

Table 1-10 (Continued) 1-22

Fuel Cell Advantages Compared To Internal Combustion Engine 

Table 1-11  1-23

Low-carbon production systems 

Table 1-12  1-27

Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics 

Table 1-12 (Continued) 1-28

Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics 

Table 1-13  1-30

Characteristics Of Water In Fuel Cells 

Table 1-14  1-34

Types Of Fuel Cells 

Table 1-15  1-35

Classes Of Fuel Cells 

Table 1-16  1-36

Fuel Cell Applications 

Table 1-17  1-37

Types Of Fuel Cells 

Table 1-18  1-38

Classes Of Fuel Cells 

Table 1-19  1-39

Fuel Cell Applications 

Table 1-20  1-40

Alkaline Fuel Cell Features 

Table 1-21  1-41

Phosphoric acid fuel cells applications 

Table 1-22  1-42

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Features 

Table 1-23  1-43

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 

Table 1-24  1-45

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Features 

Table 1-25  1-48

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Functions 

Table 1-25  (Continued) 1-49

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Functions 

Table 1-26  1-61

Fuel Cell Issues 

Table 1-27  1-62

Fuel Cell System  

Table 1-28  1-65

Conceptual Operation of a Fuel Cell.

Table 1-29  1-65

Fuel Cell System Relative Efficiencies 

Table 1-30  1-70

Fuel Cell Reliability Research And Development Issues 

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Market Shares and Market Forecasts 

 

Table 2-1  2-2

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Driving Forces 

Table 2-2  2-3

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Growth Drivers Worldwide 

Table 2-3  2-4

Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Segments 

Figure 2-4  2-6

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Dollars, 2010 

Table 2-5  2-7

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Dollars, 2010 

Figure 2-6  2-8

FuelCell Energy electrochemical device 

Figure 2-7  2-12

Bloom Energy Server 

Figure 2-8  2-18

Stationary Fuel Cell Shipment Market Forecasts, Dollars,

Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Table 2-9  2-20

Stationary Fuel Cell Shipment Market Forecasts, Dollars,

Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Table 2-10  2-21

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forces 

Figure 2-11  2-22

Distributed Campus Environments For Stationary

Fuel Cells, Market Forecasts, Number, Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Table 2-12  2-23

Stationary Fuel Cell Distributed Campus Environments

Market Forecasts Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Table 2-13  2-24

Stationary Fuel Cell, SOFC, MCFC, PAFC, and PEM

Shipment Market Forecasts, Units and Dollars,

 Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-14  2-26

Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecasts, Units, Worldwide,

2011-2017 

Figure 2-15  2-27

Stationary MCFC Fuel Cell Market Forecasts, Worldwide,

Dollars, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-16  2-27

Stationary MCFC Fuel Cell Market Forecasts, Worldwide,

Units, 2011-2017 

Table 2-17  2-29

MCFC Technology Development Functions 

Figure 2-18  2-31

Stationary SOFC Fuel Cell Market Forecasts, Dollars,

Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-19  2-32

Stationary Fuel Cell SOFC Market Forecasts, Number

Shipped, Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-20  2-33

Stationary PAFC Fuel Cell Market Forecasts, Dollars,

Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-21  2-34

Stationary PAFC Fuel Cell Market Shipments

Forecasts, Units, Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-22  2-36

Stationary Fuel Cell Proton Exchange

Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM) Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-23  2-37

Stationary Fuel Cell Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)

Market Forecasts, Units, Worldwide, 2011-2017 

Figure 2-24  2-44

FuelCell Energy 2.4 MW Fuel Cell Power

 Plant Inchon, South Korea 

Figure 2-25  2-46

Global demand for electric Power 

Figure 2-26  2-47

Cost of Electricity Grid and Stationary Fuel Cell

Table 2-27  2-51

MCFC Stack Costs 

Figure 2-28  2-55

Stationary Fuel Cell Applications 

Table 2-29  2-58

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell R&D areas to be addressed 

Table 2-30  2-69

Complete Fuel Cell Power Plant

Table 2-31  2-72

Opportunity for PAFC Cost Reductions Opportunity Area 

Table 2-32  2-73

PAFC Stack Costs 

Figure 2-33  2-76

Fuel Cell Image 

Table 2-34  2-77

PEM Stack Costs 

Figure 2-35  2-80

Delivered Energy Costs 

Figure 2-36  2-86

Reducing Hydrogen Crossover Using Nanotechnology 

Table 2-37  2-88

Ceramic Fuel Cells Advantages 

Table 2-38  2-89

Stationary Fuel Cell Markets 

Table 2-39  2-91

Projected Long-Term, Uninstalled Costs 

Table 2-40  2-91

Stationary Fuel Cells Strengths and Weaknesses 

Table 2-41  2-93

Cost Comparison of Available Technologies for a 5kW Plant

Table 2-41 (Continued) 2-94

Cost Comparison of Available Technologies for a 5kW Plant

Table 2-42  2-95

Stationary Fuel Cell Regional Market Segments, Dollars,  2010 

Table 2-43  2-96

Stationary Fuel Cell Regional Market Segments, 2010 

Figure 2-44  2-98

Stationary Fuel Cell Installations in California 

Figure 2-44 (Continued) 2-99

Stationary Fuel Cell Installations in California 

Figure 2-45  2-104

Efficient Pipeline Pressure Reduction 

Table 2-46  2-107

Types Of Campus Fuel Cell  Power Plants 

Figure 2-47  2-110

FuelCell Energy 600 KW DFC, Gills Onions Oxnard, CA  

Figure 2-48  2-113

Korean NRE New and Renewable  Energy 

Figure 2-49  2-114

Research & Development in NRE  

Figure 2-50  2-116

Korean Local Plan for Promoting NRE  

Figure 2-51  2-117

FuelCell Energy Environmental Tangible Benefits 

Figure 2-52  2-118

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Costs 

Figure 2-53  2-119

US Energy Costs 

Figure 2-54  2-120

Hydrogen Cost From On Site Steam  

Figure 2-55  2-124

German Bonus for Electricity Produced Through CHP Units 

Table 2-56  2-125

Japanese Sales Prospects 

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Product Description  

 

Figure 3-1  3-4

Ballard Power Systems Cleargen Mulit-Megawatt Fuel Cell System  

Figure 3-2  3-5

IdaTech Fuel Cell System  

Table 3-3  3-6

IdaTech ElectraGen ME System Functions 

Table 3-3  (Continued) 3-7

IdaTech ElectraGen ME System Functions 

Table 3-4  3-10

UTC PureCell® Model 400 System Positioning 

Table 3-5  3-10

UTC PureCell® Model 400 System Functions 

Table 3-6  3-11

UTCPureCell® Model 400 Fuel Cell System Target Market

Figure 3-7  3-12

UTC Power fuel cells also qualify for LEED®  (Leadership in 

Energy and Environmental Design) points.

 

Table 3-8  3-13

UTC PureCell system Features 

Figure 3-9  3-14

UTC Fuel cell Supplier To NASA For Space Missions

For Over 40 Years 

Table 3-10  3-15

UTC  Performance Characteristics  POWER  

Figure 3-11  3-17

UTC PureCell Solution Emissions 

Table 3-12  3-18

UTC Stationary Fuel Cell Energy Efficiency Positioning 

Table 3-13  3-19

UTC Microturbine Chiller/Heater and System Level Functions 

Table 3-14  3-20

UTC stationary Fuel cell Benefits :

Table 3-15  3-21

UTC Stationary Fuel Cell Emissions Benefits 

Table 3-16  3-23

UTC Stationary Fuel Cell Emissions CO2 Emissions

Reduction Calculations 

Figure 3-17  3-25

UTC Pollutant Emissions Comparisons 

Table 3-18  3-26

UTC PureComfort® Power Solutions 

Figure 3-19  3-28

Fuel cell electrochemical device 

 

Figure 3-20  3-31

Direct Fuel Cell (DFC) Power Plants Offer The

Highest Efficiency Which Is Key To Customer Value 

Figure 3-21  3-33

FuelCell Energy 1 MW DFC California State 

University - Northridge 

Table 3-22  3-35

FuelCell Energy Cost Reduction Opportunities for the

 DFC 1500 Power Plant Operating On Pipeline-Quality

Natural Gas 

Figure 3-23  3-42

Enbridge and FuelCell Energy 

Figure 3-24  3-43

Direct Fuel Cell Power Plant

Figure 3-25  3-48

Siemens: SOFC ( Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel cell )  SFC - 200 

Figure 3-26  3-53

Siemens SOFC Rods 

Figure 3-27  3-54

General Electric Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 

Figure 3-28  3-57

Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 

Table 3-29  3-58

Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Benefits 

Table 3-30  3-59

Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Typical Applications 

 

Figure 3-31  3-60

Delphi Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Transportation Application 

Figure 3-32  3-61

Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Process 

Table 3-33  3-62

Rolls Royce Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Features 

Table 3-33  (Continued) 3-63

Rolls Royce Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Features 

Table 3-34  3-65

Bloom Energy SOCF Fuel Cell Specifications 

Table 3-34  (Continued) 3-66

Bloom Energy SOCF Fuel Cell Specifications 

Figure 3-35  3-68

Bloom Energy Server 

Table 3-36  3-69

Bloom Performance Is Enhanced By Modular Architecture 

Table 3-37  3-70

Acumentrics Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Development Path 

Table 3-38  3-70

Acumentrics Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Functions 

Figure 3-39  3-71

Acumentrics Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 

 

 

 

 

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Technology 

 

Figure 4-1  4-1

Fuel Cells Offer An Economically Compelling Balance Of Attributes 

Figure 4-2  4-2

Efficiency Differences Among Fuel Cell Technologies 

Table 4-3  4-3

Fuel cell Types By T Electrolyte 

Table 4-4  4-8

Opportunity for PAFC Cost Reductions Opportunity Area 

Table 4-5  4-13

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell R&D areas to be addressed 

Figure 4-6  4-14

MCFC Cost Components of Electricity vs. Fuel Cell Capital Cost

Figure 4-7  4-16

Siemens Westinghouse's 250-Kilowatt Atmospheric

Pressure Combined Heat And Power Fuel Cell System  

Table 4-8  4-23

Ceramic Fuel Cells Advantages 

Figure 4-9  4-24

Bloom Energy Fuel Cell Description  (1)

Figure 4-10  4-25

Bloom Energy Fuel Cell Description (2)

Figure 4-11  4-26

Bloom Energy Fuel Cell Description  (3)

Figure 4-12  4-27

Bloom Energy Fuel Cell Description  (4)

Figure 4-13  4-28

Bloom Energy Fuel Cell Description (5)

Figure 4-14  4-35

Fuel Cell Flow Plates 

Figure -4-15  4-44

Home Hydrogen Refueler 

Figure 4-16  4-46

Fuel Cell Components 

Figure4-17  4-50

How A Fuel Cell Works 

Figure4-18  4-53

Stationary Fuel Cell Steam Reformer 

Figure 4-19  4-54

Hydrogen Reformer Components 

Figure 4-20  4-57

Fuel Processor (Reformer)

Figure 4-21  4-58

Reducing Hydrogen Crossover Using Nanotechnology 

Figure 4-22  4-59

Comparison of the Performance of Nanocomposite Membranes 

Figure 4-23  4-61

Catalytic Reformer and Refinery Hydrogen System  

 

 

 

Stationary Fuel Cell  Company Profiles 

 

Table 5-1  5-2

Acumentrics Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd Rugged UPS™   

Table 5-2  5-3

Acumentrics Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 

Figure 5-3  5-13

Ballard® Fuel Cell

Table 5-4  5-15

Ballard Hydrogen Systems 

Table 5-5  5-17

Bloom Energy Customers 

Figure 5-6  5-25

Enbridge Overview  

Table 5-7  5-27

Enbridge Statistics 

Figure 5-8  5-28

Enbridge Hybrid Fuel Cell

Table 5-9  5-29

FuelCell Energy Positioning 

Figure 5-10  5-36

FuelCell Energy DFC 3000 Cost Savings 

Table 5-11  5-37

FuelCell Energy Production and Delivery Capabilities 

 

Figure 5-12  5-38

FuelCell Energy Production Capabilities 

Table 5-13  5-39

FuelCell Energy Active Project Pipelines 

Figure 5-14  5-40

FuelCell Energy Tangible Environmental Benefits 

Figure 5-15  5-41

FuelCell Energy Efficiency Differences Between Technologies 

Table 5-16  5-43

FuelCell Energy Markets 

Figure 5-17  5-47

Fuel Cell Technologies (FCT) Fuel Cell Test Station QA

Testing Area 

Figure 5-18  5-74

United Technologies Business Unit Revenues 

Figure 5-19  5-78

Versa Systems Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 

Figure 5-20  5-79

Versa Systems Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology