Electric Vehicle Market Shares, Forecasts, and Strategies, 2009-2015

Table of Contents

Electric Vehicle Market Shares and Market Forecasts ES-1

Electric Vehicle Design Trajectories ES-1

TH!NK City Safety Concept ES-3

Daimler ES-3

REVA Electric Car ES-3

Ford Advances Electric Vehicle Technology ES-6

Charging Electric Cars ES-7

Warren Buffet with Berkshire Hathaway Group ES-7

Electric Vehicle Market Driving Forces ES-8

Electric Vehicle Market Shares ES-9

Electric Vehicle Economic Market Driving Forces ES-11

Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries ES-11

Electric Vehicles Market Forecasts ES-13

Electric Vehicle Battery Recharging ES-21

Variety Of Electric Vehicle Initiatives ES-22

Think Overnight Power Top-Up ES-24

Think Significant Advancements In Battery Technology ES-25

1. Electric Vehicle Market Description and Market Dynamics 1-1

1.1 Auto Industry 1-1

1.1.1 Electric Vehicle Economic Forces 1-2

1.1.2 Cars Represent 20% Of The US Economic Retail Spending 1-3

1.1.3 Electric Vehicle Design Trajectories 1-3

1.2 Electric Vehicle EVs 1-4

1.2.1 EVs Cost Effective In City Conditions 1-5

1.2.2 Lithium-Ion Car Batteries 1-5

1.2.3 Private-Public Partnerships 1-7

1.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Target Markets 1-9

1.3.1 Project Better Place and the Renault-Nissan Alliance 1-10

1.3.2 Largest Target Market, The Transportation Industry 1-11

1.3.3 Electric Grid Services Market 1-12

1.3.4 Portable Power Market, Power Tools 1-13

1.4 Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies Transportation

Industry Target Market 1-15

1.5 Energy Storage For Grid Stabilization 1-19

1.5.1 Local Energy Storage Benefit For Utilities 1-20

1.6 Applications Require On-Printed Circuit Board Battery Power 1-21

1.6.1 Thin-film vs. Printed Batteries 1-21

1.7 Smart Buildings 1-22

1.7.1 Permanent Power for Wireless Sensors 1-24

1.8 Battery Safety / Potential Hazards 1-25

1.9 Thin Film Solid-State Battery Construction 1-26

1.10 Battery Is Electrochemical Device 1-28

1.11 Battery Depends On Chemical Energy 1-29

1.11.1 Characteristics Of Battery Cells 1-29

1.11.2 Batteries Are Designed Differently For Various Applications 1-31

2. Electric Vehicle Market Shares and Market Forecasts 2-1

2.1 Electric Vehicle Economic Market Driving Forces 2-1

2.1.1 Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries 2-5

2.1.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 2-5

2.2 Electric Vehicle Market Shares 2-9

2.2.1 Daimler Safety Cell 2-11

2.2.2 Daimler Smart Car 2-12

2.2.3 BYD 2-12

2.2.4 Think Environmentally Friendly Vehicles 2-13

2.2.5 TH!NK City Safety Concept 2-13

2.2.6 Think Overnight Power Top-Up 2-14

2.2.7 GM Volt 2-14

2.2.8 GM Opel 2-15

2.2.9 Tesla Motors 2-16

2.2.10 i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi 2-17

2.2.11 Mitsubishi 2-18

2.2.12 Subaru Selling EVs In Japan In 2009 2-18

2.2.13 BMW 2-18

2.2.14 REVA Electric Car 2-18

2.2.15 Ford Advances Electric Vehicle Technology 2-20

2.2.16 Ford Partnership With Utility Industry 2-22

2.2.17 Toyota Hybrid Prius 2-22

2.2.18 Nissan 2-22

2.2.19 Phoenix Motorcars 2-23

2.2.20 Fuji Heavy Industries / Subaru 2-23

2.2.21 Chrysler 2-24

2.3 Electric Vehicles Market Forecasts 2-24

2.4 Electric Vehicle Battery Recharging 2-40

2.4.1 Changing Electric Vehicles On The Fly 2-40

2.5 2008 / 2009 Auto Sales Overview 2-42

2.5.1 Korean Cars Succeed In US 2-43

2.5.2 Total Vehicles Sold / GM Profile 2-43

2.5.3 GM Global Vehicle Sales and Market Share – 2007 2-45

2.5.4 Worldwide Automotive Sales For 2007 2-45

2.5.5 Deepening Slowdown 2-47

2.6 Electric Vehicles As A Very Fancy Golf Cart 2-48

2.7 Worldwide Nanotechnology Thin Film Lithium-Ion

Battery Market Driving Forces 2-49

2.7.1 Market Driving Forces 2-51

2.7.2 Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries 2-55

2.7.3 Competitors 2-55

2.8 Lithium-Ion Battery Market Shares 2-56

2.8.1 ExxonMobil Affiliate in Japan / Tonen Chemical 2-58

2.8.2 A123Systems Patent for

Nanophosphate™ Lithium Ion Battery Technology 2-59

2.9 Lithium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts 2-61

2.10 Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Vehicle Lithium-Ion

Battery Market Shares 2-64

2.10.1 BYD 2-66

2.10.2 Johnson Controls-Saft 2-67

2.10.3 Saft Battery Technologies 2-67

2.10.4 A123Systems 32 Series Automotive Class

Lithium Ion™ Cells: 2-68

2.10.5 NEC and Nissen 2-70

2.10.6 LG Chem 2-70

2.10.7 EnerDel 2-71

2.10.8 Competition 2-71

2.11 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery

Market Forecasts 2-72

2.11.1 Largest Target Market, The Transportation Industry 2-77

Thin Film Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery EV Market 2-79

Thin Film Lithium-Ion And Lithium Polymer Automotive Batteries 2-80

3. Electric Vehicle Product Description 3-1

3.1 BMW 3-1

3.1.1 BMW Second Version Of The Electric Mini 3-3

3.2 BYD / MidAmerican Energy Holdings 3-3

3.2.1 Warren Buffet - MidAmerican, A Collection

Of Electric Utilities In The Midwest 3-4

3.2.2 BYD Plug-in Hybrid Power Train Flexibility 3-9

3.2.3 BYD E6 Electric Car and F6 3-10

3.2.4 BYD E6 Electric Vehicle Specifications 3-13

3.3 Tesla Motors 3-13

3.3.1 Electric Roadster by Tesla Motors 3-14

3.3.2 Tesla Motors Next Generation Model S 3-17

3.3.3 Telsa Battery Pack And Frame 3-18

3.4 Daimler AG 3-19

3.4.1 Daimler Smart Car Model Features 3-21

3.4.2 Electric Car by Daimler Mercedes (2010) 3-23

3.5 Think 3-24

3.5.1 A123Systems / GE Production Contract for

Norwegian Think Electric Vehicles 3-24

3.5.2 Think Overnight Power Top-Up 3-26

3.5.3 TH!NK City Safety Concept 3-30

3.5.4 TH!NK City Environmentally Friendly 3-33

3.5.5 Thinking Globally 3-35

3.6 General Motors 3-40

3.6.1 GM Volt 3-41

3.6.2 GM Challenge to Battery Developers 3-43

3.6.3 GM and A123Systems Co-Develop

Lithium-Ion Battery Cell for Chevrolet Volt 3-47

3.6.4 GM Cadillac Electric Vehicle 3-49

3.6.5 GM / Opel 3-53

3.6.6 GM Chevrolet Equinox Fuel-Cell Vehicles 3-54

3.7 Miles XS500 Electric Car 3-54

3.8 Mitsubishi i MiEV Electric Car to be Sold 1

Year Ahead of Schedule in Japan 3-56

3.8.1 Mitsubishi i MiEV Electric Car Specifications 3-57

3.8.2 Mitsubishi i MiEV Electric Car Pricing 3-58

3.8.3 i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi 3-59

3.8.4 Mitsubishi Electric Car i MiEV Coming to Europe 3-62

3.8.5 Mitsubishi Electric Car i MiEV Production Plans 3-63

3.8.6 i MiEV Electric Car Specifications 3-63

3.8.7 i MiEV Electric Car to be Sold 1 Year Ahead of Schedule 3-66

3.9 Fuji Heavy Industries / Subaru R1e Electric Car 3-67

Source: Subaru. 3-68

3.9.1 Subaru Selling EVs In Japan In 2009 3-69

3.9.2 Subaru G4e 3-69

Source: Subaru. 3-69

3.9.3 NEC / Fuji Heavy Industries / Subaru 3-70

3.9.4 NEC / Fuji Heavy Industries / Subaru

Thin Film Battery Flat Shape 3-70

3.10 Electric Supercar by Hybrid Technologies 3-72

3.11 Electric Mini by PML 3-73

3.12 Electric Car by Nissan (2010-2012) 3-74

3.12.1 NEC / Nissan Low-Cost Lithium-Manganese Batteries 3-74

3.13 REVA Electric Car 3-76

3.14 Zenn Low Speed Electric Car 3-78

3.15 Commuter Cars Tango Electric Car 3-82

3.16 Eliica Electric Car by KEIO University 3-85

3.17 Wrightspeed X1 Electric Car 3-86

3.18 Saturn SP1 Electric Car Conversion by Students of

Napoleon High School 3-87

3.19 Toyota Hybrid Prius 3-88

3.19.1 Toyota iQ Microcar 3-89

3.19.2 Toyota FT-EV Battery Electric Vehicle 3-91

3.20 Ford 3-92

3.21 Chrysler 3-93

3.21.1 Chrysler Town & Country EV 3-94

3.21.2 Chrysler Personal Mobility Revolution 3-95

3.21.3 Chrysler Dodge Circuit EV 3-99

3.21.4 Chrysler Jeep® Wrangler Unlimited EV 3-101

3.22 Phoenix 3-102

3.23 Shelby Supercars 3-105

3.24 Aptera 3-108

4. Electric Vehicle Technology 4-1

4.1 Phoenix Motorcars Altairnano Lithium

Titanate Battery Technology 4-1

4.1.1 Altairnano Battery Comparison 4-1

4.1.2 Lead-Acid Battery Technology 4-3

4.1.3 Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) 4-3

4.1.4 Lithium-Ion 4-3

4.2 Globalization Model For Electric Cars 4-4

4.2.1 Better Place Electric Vehicle Network 4-4

4.2.2 Better Place has partnered with AGL Energy in Australia 4-5

4.3 EFOY Pro Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Charging Kit 4-6

4.3.1 Smart Fuel Cells SFC 4-12

4.3.2 Citycom AG’s CityEL 4-13

4.4 Vendor Lithium-ion Battery Strategy 4-15

4.4.1 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Characteristics 4-16

4.5 Challenges in Battery Design 4-17

4.5.1 Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries Requirements 4-21

4.6 Vendor Lithium-Ion Battery Positioning 4-22

4.6.1 High-Quality, Volume Manufacturing Facilities 4-24

4.7 Applications Of Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-25

4.8 Mobile Phone Industry 4-26

4.8.1 Nanowires 4-27

4.8.2 Thin Film Battery Enabling Chemistries 4-27

4.8.3 The Cathodes 4-28

4.8.4 Solid State Devices Provide More Energy Density 4-28

4.9 Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-29

4.9.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Shortcomings 4-32

4.9.2 Charging 4-33

4.9.3 Applications 4-33

4.9.4 Costs 4-34

4.10 Lithium Cell Chemistry Variants 4-34

4.10.1 Lithium-ion 4-34

4.10.2 Lithium-ion Polymer 4-36

4.10.3 Other Lithium Cathode Chemistry Variants 4-36

4.10.4 Lithium Cobalt LiCoO2 4-37

4.10.5 Lithium Manganese LiMn2O4 4-37

4.10.6 Lithium Nickel LiNiO2 4-38

4.10.7 Lithium (NCM) Nickel Cobal Manganese - Li(NiCoMn)O2 4-38

4.10.8 Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 4-38

4.11 Operating Performance Of The Cell Can Be Tuned 4-39

4.12 Lithium Metal Polymer 4-39

4.12.1 Lithium Sulphur Li2S8 4-40

4.12.2 Alternative Anode Chemistry 4-40

4.13 ExxonMobil affiliate, Tonen Chemical

Polyethylene-Based, Porous Film 4-41

4.14 Cymbet Alternate Manufacturing 4-41

4.15 Thin-Film Batteries Packaging 4-41

4.16 ITN Energy Systems Fibrous Substrates, PowerFiber 4-42

4.16.1 ITN Sensors 4-45

4.17 Cell Construction 4-46

4.18 Impact Of Nanotechnology 4-47

4.19 Thin Film Batteries 4-48

4.19.1 Thin Film Battery Timescales and Costs 4-51

4.19.2 High Power And Energy Density 4-51

4.19.3 High Rate Capability 4-52

4.20 Comparison Of Rechargeable Battery Performance 4-53

4.21 Polymer Film Substrate 4-59

4.22 Micro Battery Solid Electrolyte 4-60

5. Electric Vehicle Company Profiles 5-1

5.1 A123 Systems 5-1

5.1.1 A123 Systems Revenue 5-1

5.1.2 A123Systems Registration Statement for Initial Public Offering 5-2

5.1.3 A123 Systems Batteries Benefits 5-2

5.1.4 A123 Systems Competitive Advantage 5-4

5.1.5 A123 Systems Strategy 5-7

5.1.6 A123Systems and GE 5-8

5.1.7 A123 Acquisition of Hymotion 5-9

5.1.8 Procter & Gamble Duracell and A123 Systems Collaborate 5-10

5.1.9 Cobasys and A123 Systems 5-10

5.2 Aperta 5-11

5.3 Better Place Model 5-13

5.4 BMW 5-14

5.5 BYD 5-15

5.5.1 Warren Buffett Buys 10 Percent Stake In

BYD Chinese Battery Manufacturer 5-16

5.6 E-One Moli Energy Group 5-17

5.7 Ener1 5-19

5.7.1 Ener1 Third Quarter 2008 Revenue 5-19

5.7.2 Ener1 Positioning Technology Originally

Pioneered By Argonne National Lab 5-21

5.7.3 Ener1 Acquires Enertech Leading Korean

Lithium-ion Battery Cell Producer 5-23

5.7.4 Ener1 / Enertech Specializes In Producing

Large Format Flat ("Prismatic") Cells 5-24

5.7.5 EnerDel Operations 5-27

5.8 Ford 5-31

5.8.1 Ford Electric Vehicle Positioning 5-32

5.8.2 Ford’s Comprehensive Sustainability Strategy 5-32

5.8.3 Ford Partnership With Southern California Edison

Electric Utility 5-34

5.8.4 Ford Partnership with Johnson Controls-

Saft for Thin Film Batteries 5-35

5.8.5 Ford Partnership with Utility Industry 5-37

5.8.6 Building A Business Case 5-37

5.8.7 Governments Of Japan, China, Korea, And

India Significantly Funding EV Research 5-39

5.8.8 Ford Energy Future Vision 5-39

5.9 Fuji Heavy Industries / Subaru 5-42

5.9.1 Subaru of America 5-43

5.9.2 Subaru of America Revenue 2008 5-44

5.10 General Motors 5-45

5.10.1 General Motors Factory In Michigan To Build Battery Packs 5-45

5.10.2 GM 2008 Global Sales of 8.35 Million Vehicles 5-46

5.10.3 GM Continues Growth in Emerging Markets 5-48

5.10.4 GM's North America Regional Performance 5-50

5.10.5 GM Europe 5-57

5.10.6 GM Strongly Believes In The Electrification Of The Automobile 5-58

5.11 Miles Electric Vehicles 5-60

5.11.1 Miles Zero Emissions, Full Electric Car 5-61

5.12 Johnson Controls-Saft 5-61

5.13 LG Petrochemical 5-62

5.13.1 LG Chem 5-63

5.14 Mitsubishi 5-63

5.14.1 Fleet Testing Of The Zero-Emissions iMiev Electric Vehicle 5-64

5.15 NEC / Nissan Low-Cost Lithium-Manganese Batteries 5-64

5.15.1 NEC Lamilion Energy 5-65

5.16 Panasonic / Sanyo 5-66

5.17 Phoenix Motorcars 5-68

5.17.1 Phoenix Motorcars Customers: Maui Electric 5-68

5.17.2 Phoenix MC All-Electric, Light-Duty Trucks 5-69

5.18 REVA 5-70

5.18.1 REVA Car Features 5-71

5.18.2 REVA Globally Tested Product 5-72

5.19 Saft 5-74

5.19.1 Saft Battery Technologies 5-75

5.19.2 Saft Industrial Battery Group (IBG) 5-77

5.19.3 Saft Specialty Battery Group (SBG) 5-78

5.19.4 Saft Rechargeable Battery Systems (RBS) 5-80

5.19.5 Saft Research and Development 5-80

5.19.6 Johnson Controls-Saft United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) 81

5.20 Samsung 5-82

5.21 Shelby SuperCars 5-83

5.21.1 Sheffield International Finance Corporation 5-85

5.21.2 SSC Monthly Newsletter 5-86

5.22 Tesla Motors 5-87

5.22.1 Tesla Battery Packs 5-88

5.22.2 Tesla Roadster 5-88

5.22.3 Tesla Restructuring 5-89

5.23 Think 5-91

5.23.1 Think Manufacturing Capacity 5-93

5.23.2 Think Employees Called Back From Lay-Off 5-95

5.23.3 Think Confirms Interim Financing - Private

Equity Firm Ener1 Group Is The Lead Investor 5-95

5.23.4 Kleiner Perkins And Rockport Capital, Two

Leading Us Cleantech Investors Launch Joint Venture

With Norwegian Electrical Vehicle Company Think 5-96

5.23.5 TH!NK city Crash-Tested And Highway-

Certified EV 5-97

5.23.6 Think Strategic Partnership With Energy Giant

General Electric 5-97

5.23.7 Think collaboration with Porsche Consulting 5-98

5.24 Toyota 5-98

5.25 ZENN Motor Company 5-102

5.25.1 Zenn Motor Strategic Energy Storage Partner, Eestor 5-102

List of Tables and Figures

Figure ES-1 ES-2

Aptera Pre-Production Model 2e

Figure ES-2 ES-5

REVA Electric Car

Table ES-3 ES-8

Electric Vehicle Market Driving Forces

Table ES-3 (Continued) ES-9

Electric Vehicle Market Driving Forces

Figure ES-4 ES-10

Worldwide Electric Vehicles

On The Road Market Shares, Units, 2009

Figure ES-5 ES-15

Worldwide Electric Vehicle Penetration of

Automotive and Light Truck Market Forecasts, Percent,

2009-2015

Figure ES-6 ES-16

Worldwide Electric Vehicle Retail Forecasts, Dollars,

2009-2015

Table ES-7 ES-19

Reasons For Aggressive Forecast For Electric Vehicle Markets

Table ES-7 (Continued) ES-19

Reasons For Aggressive Forecast For Electric Vehicle Markets

Table ES-8 ES-21

New Infrastructure, New Driving Modalities Brought By

Electric Vehicles

Table 1-1 1-11

Principal Features Used To Compare Rechargeable Batteries

Figure 1-2 1-16

BMW’s Mini E Electric Car Powered By A Rechargeable

Lithium-Ion Battery

Table 1-3 1-17

Examples of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Figure 1-4 1-27

Typical Structure Of A Thin Film Solid State Battery

Table 1-5 1-30

Characteristics Of Battery Cells

Table 2-1 2-2

Lithium-Ion Battery Market Driving Forces

Table 2-2 2-4

Energy Advantages Of Thin-Film Batteries

Figure 2-3 2-6

Aptera Pre-Production Model 2e

Table 2-4 2-8

Electric Vehicle Market Driving Forces

Table 2-4 (Continued) 2-9

Electric Vehicle Market Driving Forces

Figure 2-5 2-10

Worldwide Electric Vehicles

On The Road Market Shares, Units, 2009

Table 2-6 2-11

Worldwide Electric Vehicle Shipments Market Shares,

Units On the Road

2009 11

Figure 2-7 2-17

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - Red

Figure 2-8 2-20

REVA Electric Car

Figure 2-9 2-25

Worldwide Electric Vehicle Penetration of Automotive

and Light Truck Market Forecasts, Percent,

2009-2015

Table 2-10 2-26

Worldwide Electric Vehicle (EV) Unit Shipments

and Automotive Market Retail Forecasts and

Penetration Analysis, 2009-2015

Figure 2-11 2--27

Worldwide Electric Vehicle Retail Forecasts, Dollars,

2009-2015

Table 2-12 2-28

Worldwide Electric Vehicle (EV) Unit Shipments

and Automotive Market Retail Forecasts and

Penetration Analysis, 2009-2015

Table 2-13 2-28

Worldwide Electric Vehicle (EV) Unit Shipments

and Automotive Market Retail Forecasts, Penetration Analysis,

2009-2015

Table 2-14 2-30

Worldwide Automotive and Light Truck Small

Size Electric Vehicle (EV) Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015

Table 2-15 32

Worldwide Small Electric Vehicle (EV) Market

Forecasts, Units, 2009-2015

Table 2-16 2-33

Worldwide Small Car and Small Light Truck Electric

Vehicle (EV) Automotive Market Retail Forecasts,

Units and Dollars, 2009-2015

Table 2-17 2-34

Worldwide Sedan Size Automotive and Light Truck

Electric Vehicle (EV) Retail Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015

Table 2-18 2-35

Worldwide Sedan Size Automotive and Light Truck

Electric Vehicle (EV) Shipments Retail Market Forecasts, Units,

2009-2015

Table 2-19 2-36

Worldwide Sedan Size Car and Light Truck Electric

Vehicle (EV) Unit Shipments and Automotive Market

Retail Forecasts, Units and Dollars, 2009-201

Table 2-20 2-37

Reasons For Aggressive Forecast For Electric Vehicle Markets

Table 2-21 2-39

New Infrastructure, New Driving Modalities Brought By

Electric Vehicles

Table 2-22 2-52

Lithium-Ion Battery Market Driving Forces

Table 2-23 2-54

Energy Advantages Of Thin-Film Batteries

Figure 2-24 2-56

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008

Table 2-25 2-57

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008

Figure 2-26 2-62

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015

Figure 2-27 2-63

Worldwide Lithium-Ion and Advanced Lithium-ion

Battery Market Forecasts, Automotive, Power Tools,

Electric Grid, and PC Card, Dollars, 2009-2015

Figure 2-28 2-64

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Automotive Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008

Figure 2-29 2-65

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Automotive Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008

Figure 2-30 2-73

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015

Figure 2-31 2-74

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Units, 2009-2015

Figure 2-32 2-75

Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery

Shipments, Market Shares, Units and Dollars, 2009-2015

Table 2-33 2-81

Commercialization Challenges Of The Automotive,

Truck, and Bus Thin Film Battery Industry

Table 2-34 2-83

Integrated Thin Film Battery Personal Transport Power Systems

Figure 3-1 2-2

BMW’S Mini E Electric Car Powered By A Rechargeable

Lithium-Ion Battery

Figure 3-2 3-5

BYD E6 Electric Car

Figure 3-3 3-6

BYD F3DM Front View

Figure 3-4 3-7

BYD F3DM Rear View

Figure 3-5 3-8

BYD F3 Moon Roof

Table 3-6 3-10

BYD Plug-in Hybrid Powertrain Flexibility

Figure 3-7 3-11

BYD E6 Electric Car

Figure 3-8 3-12

BYD F6

Figure 3-9 3-14

Tesla Motors Roadster

Figure 3-10 3-16

Tesla Motors Roadster Torque and Power Graph

Figure 3-11 3-17

Model S by Tesla Motors

Figure 3-12 3-19

Daimler AG Smart car

Figure 3-13 3-21

Daimler Smart Car

Figure 3-14 3-23

Daimler Electric Mercedes

Figure 3-15 3-27

Prince Albert of Monaco Driving TH!NK city

Figure 3-16 3-28

Driving TH!NK city

Figure 3-17 3-29

Think Driver Console

Figure 3-18 3-31

Think Open

Figure 3-19 3-33

Think OX

Figure 3-20 3-35

Think City Electric Vehicle

Table 3-21 3-36

TH!NK City Specifications

Table 3-22 3-37

Think City Standard Equipment:

Table 3-22 (Continued) 3-38

Think City Standard Equipment:

Table 3-23 3-39

TH!NK City Features

Figure 3-24 3-40

Think Lineup of Electric Cars

Figure 3-25 3-44

General Motors Chevrolet Volt – Front View

Figure 3-26 3-45

General Motors Chevrolet Volt - Angle View

Figure 3-27 3-46

General Motors Chevrolet Volt - Rear View

Figure 3-28 3-47

General Motors Chevrolet Volt

Figure 3-29 3-50

GM Cadillac Electric Vehicle

Figure 3-30 3-52

General Motors EV1 Electric Car

Figure 3-31 3-55

XS500 Electric Car by Miles

Figure 3-32 3-57

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - In Traffic

Figure 3-33 3-58

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - Battery Packaging

Figure 3-34 3-59

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - Red

Figure 3-35 3-60

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - Gray

Figure 3-36 3-61

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - Interior

Figure 3-37 3-62

i MiEV Electric Car by Mitsubishi - Features

Figure 3-38 3-64

Mitsubishi I Miev Electric Car

Figure 3-39 3-65

Mitsubishi I Miev Electric Car Interior Engine and

Drive Train Layout

Figure 3-40 3-67

Fuji Heavy Industries / Subaru R1e Electric Car

Figure 3-41 3-68

Subaru R1e Electric Car Plug Station

Figure 3-42 3-69

Subaru G4e Electric Car

Figure 3-43 3-72

Hybrid Technologies Electric Supercar

Figure 3-44 3-73

Electric Mini by PML

Figure 3-45 3-74

Test Electric Car by Nissan

Figure 3-46 3-76

REVA Electric Car

Figure 3-47 3-78

Zenn Auto

Figure 3-48 3-79

Zenn Electric Auto Close-up

Figure 3-49 3-80

Zenn Auto Parked in Street

Figure 3-50 3-81

Zenn Electric Auto – Gray with Sun Roof

Figure 3-51 3-82

Commuter Cars Tango Electric Car

Figure 3-52 3-84

Commuter Cars Tango in Washington DC

Figure 3-53 3-85

Eliica Electric Car

Figure 3-54 3-86

Wrightspeed X1 Electric Car

Figure 3-55 3-87

Saturn SP1 Electric Car Conversion

Figure 3-56 3-88

Toyota Hybrid Prius

Figure 3-57 3-90

Toyota FT-EV Battery Electric Vehicle

Figure 3-58 3-91

Toyota Electric Car

Table 3-59 3-94

Chrysler ENVI Electric Minivan Features

Figure 3-60 3-95

Interior of The Concept Car, The Chrysler 200C EV

Table 3-61 3-96

Chrysler Electric Vehicle Positioning

Table 3-62 3-97

Chrysler Electric Vehicle EV

Figure 3-63 3-98

Chrysler Electric Vehicles

Figure 3-64 3-99

Dodge Circuit EV

Table 3-65 3-100

Dodge Circuit EV Features

Figure 3-66 3-101

Chrysler Jeep® Wrangler Unlimited EV

Figure 3-67 3-102

Jeep® Wrangler Unlimited EV Features

Figure 3-68 3-103

Phoenix Motorcars SUT Truck

Figure 3-69 3-104

Phoenix Motorcars SUV Vehicle

Figure 3-70 3-106

Shelby Supercars

Figure 3-71 3-107

Shelby Supercars - Doors Raised

Figure 3-72 3-108

Aptera Pre-Production Model 2e

Figure 3-73 3-109

Aptera 2e Pre-Production Models

Figure 3-74 3-110

Aperta Three Wheel Vehicle

Figure 3-75 3-111

Aperta Three Wheel Vehicle - Rear View

Figure 4-1 4-2

Altairnano Battery Performance:

Figure 4-2 4-7

EFOY Pro Fuel Cell Kit For Electric Vehicles

Figure 4-3 4-8

Electrica City Car - Red

Figure 4-4 4-9

Electrica City Car - Yellow

Figure 4-5 4-10

Electrica City Car - Open

Figure 4-6 4-11

Electrica City Car - Dashboard

Figure 4-7 4-14

Smart Fuel Cells (SFC) Supply The StartLab Open With Power

Table 4-8 4-18

Challenges in Lithium-ion Battery Design

Table 4-9 4-29

Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Source: ITN.

Table 4-10 4-49

Thin Film Battery Unique Properties

Table 4-11 4-52

Comparison of battery performances

Table 4-12 4-54

Comparison Of Battery Performances

Table 4-13 4-56

Thin Films For Advanced Batteries

Table 4-14 4-57

Thin Film Batteries Technology

Table 4-15 4-58

Thin Film Battery / Lithium Air Batteries Applications

Figure 4-16 4-59

Polymer Film Substrate Thin Flexible Battery Profiles

Figure 4-17 4-60

Design Alternatives of Thin Film Rechargable Batteries

Table 5-1 5-3

A123 Systems Batteries Benefits

Table 5-2 5-5

A123 Systems Competitive Positioning

Table 5-2 (Continued) 5-6

A123 Systems Competitive Positioning

Table 5-2 (Continued) 5-7

A123 Systems Competitive Positioning

Figure 5-3 5-12

Aptera Vehicle Early Drawings

Figure 5-4 5-12

Assembly Facility: Vista, CA

Figure 5-5 5-13

Aperta Composite Facility: Carlsbad, CA

Figure 5-6 5-27

EnerDel Operations

Figure 5-7 5-28

EnerDel Lithium Power Systems

Figure 5-8 5-29

EnerDel Lithium Power USABC Contracts

Figure 5-9 5-30

EnerDel Lithium Power Think Projct

Table 5-10 5-41

Ford Key Government Energy Actions Recommendations

Figure 5-11 5-67

Sanyo Battery Targets 2020

Figure 5-12 5-73

REVA Electric Car

Figure 5-13 5-76

Saft Revenue H1 2008

Figure 5-14 5-84

Shelby Supercars

Figure 5-15 5-92

Think Auto Production Facility

Figure 5-16 5-94

TH!NK North America

Figure 5-17 5-99

Toyota Consolidated Vehicle Sales

Figure 5-18 5-100

Toyota Strategy

Figure 5-19 5-101

Toyota Car